Universal testing device for fabrics, rubber, metal, &amp;c.



A. D. CILLARD UNIVERSAL TESTING DEVICE FOR FABRICS, RUBBER, METAL, 6w.

APPLIOA'JPION' FILED SEPT. 5; 1907.

Patented Aug. 30, 1910.

a SHEETS-SHEET 1.

A. D. OILLARD. UNIVERSAL TESTING DEVICE FOR FABRICS, RUBBER, METAL, 6w.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 5, 1907.

Patented Aug. 30, 1910.

3 BHEETS-SHEET 2.

F 'rhi y 7% El A. D. CILLARD. UNIVERSAL TESTING DEVIGE FOR FABRICS, RUBBER, METAL, 6w. APPLICATION FILED SEPT. a, 1907.

96 9,089. Patented Aug. 30, 1910.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3. 9"

. To whom it may comm:

' Metal, 800., 'o

UNITED STATES PATENT. OFFICE.

' ALFRED nns mt cInLARn, or PARIS, FRANCE.

UNIVERSAL rns'rmennv'icn r03 memes, RUBBER, METAL, 8w.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Aug, .30, 1910,

Application filed September 5, 1907. Serial No. 391,534.

\ provide a dynamometer which combines the necessary arrangements for experimental tests of fabrics, ca'outchoucs, papers-, l'eathers, belts or straps, thin sheets ofmetal,

' wires, threads and the like in the various selvesby various 'methods "suc traction or tension, repeated tractions, static forms under which they can be met with and tested. It. permits of testing samples taken from the pieces or. these icons them as staticor repeated "compression or bending, such trials being made at the ordinary: tempera- .ture or at a temperature above or below the atmospheric temperature. The testing device permitsalso of determining the durability' or wear of the pieces to be examined, their coeflicient of friction, their heating v while in use, the plasticity of certain bodies and like particulars. It also. permits of determining the resistance of tissues or-f'abri'cs or other pieces to perforation in known conditions of tension. 1

The dynamometer is composed of a me ,tallic body or framework solid and stable in the lower frame in which all the parts can be arranged which are required to be fitted for the various kinds of tests and measurements made with this device. This body carries on its upper part a, table which receives the entiretesting system.

In the accompanying drawings illustrating the testing device, Figure 1 is an elevation, Fig. 2 is a plan view and Fig. 3 a detail view of parts of the apparatus. Figs. 4-10 are detail views, Fig. 4 showing at a larger scale the measuring spring and the adjacent parts as at the left-end of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a plan view of the. dial plate. Figs. 6 and 7 show in side and end elevation the. device for testing a strip of material by abrasion while beingunder a known pressure and tension; Fig. 8 shows in side elevation and Fig.8 in front elevation the deor flexing continuously the strip to be teste Fig. 9 is'a side view,-andvice for bendin Fig. 10 a plan view of the registering device.

Referring to the drawings, the dynamometer' comprises a measuring apparatus consisting 'of a spiral spring a one part of which is supported against a cross-piece t forming one piece with the frame p and the other part being arranged to ress upon this crosspiece by means of a rOd guided in the crosspiece the rod carrying one of the jaws e for holding the pieces to be tested. Two rods :22 pass loosely through the first cross-piece and are connected to a sec'ond cross-piece a; which is provided with a connecting or coupling arrangement h. Fig.4 shows this device at an enlarged scale. All the cross? iece's and the spiral spring can be detached om the dynamometer and by suspending it by the eye-bolt h and hanging weights to the jaw' e theresisti'ng power of the spring can be noted in operation from the-weights which are hung'from it, that is to say the tare of the measurin apparatus can be ascertained whenever esired. The deformations of the spring are further amplified and read in the following manner: The rod is provided with a swinging or guiding finger b clamped between two nuts or fixed in any other convenient manner. This finger carries with it a toothed rack j which is guided and which engages with a pinion is, see Fig. i, on the vertical axis of which is fixed a needle Z moving over a'dial m with suitable graduation, the'needle can thus remain stationary at the moment of the rupture o'r breakage of the pieces undergoing the test.

This device for measuringv strains is espe-" cially useful as it is at any time removable for tarage.

The device formeasuring the power exerted, comprises a spiral; sprin tnder pres sure, the deformation of whlch serves to measure the power. For the purpose of measuring these deformations the guide fin-.

g'er 6 upon the shaft carryin is worked against the toothe scribed and shown in Fig. 4. I

An apparatus isgraduated (or its-graduation is verified, a process that is called taring), in suspending the frame with the re istering means from the bolt loop 72. Figs. 1, 2:and.4 and in hanging the weights in the the spring a jaw e. It will be understood that the needle I I only turns in one direction and remains in 'its rnost advanced position without return ing by' itself to the starting point, provided rack as de necting rod g, one

g. move the needle over the entire dial,

others with loads of 100 and 500 kg., etc.

In this case for each spring a special graduated scalemust be used which are arranged concentrically as shown in Fig. 5 and only one needle or hand is necessary to move over these dials and is for this purpose provided with an eye or slot 2 and ahair-cross 3. Such scales are shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6.

The apparatus which is capable of developing the strains in the pieces on trial consists ofa traction screw 01. which carries the second holding jawf and traverses two sliding blocks 0 and g rigid with the latter. These two sliding blocks caneither be set together or be arranged separately on the table ofthe dynamometer. The guide-block o carries two systems of control of the screw it, one consists of a set of two pinions 0 0 at right angles for the ra id travel of the screw, the other consists o a system of tangential screws 0 0 engaging with a pinion o mounted on the ide block 0. Both of thetwo guide or sli e blocks of the screw n can have a to and fro or reciprocatin movementimparted to part of which is attached to the front of the guide-block o, and the other part to a stud or pin fixed on an eccentrio (Z. By varying the position of the stud or pin on the eccentric, the travel of the two guide-blocks can also be varied. The eccentrio d is carried by an axis fixed in a support a which can be raised or lowered along a vertical slide way preferably cast with the table of the frame of the dynamometer. support is provided on its lower part with a tangential or endless screw or worm s which being controlled at variable speeds by a threestep cone, engages with apinion r keyed upon the same axis as the eccentric wheel. Any kind of'motor} can im artmotion to the whole by means of a be t.- This arrangement of eccentric wheel permits of an alternate movement being communicated to the pieces being tested.

. The Fig. 1 represents a piece held between the two jaws and which can bedrawn either by slow traction or by alternate traction be tween two known weights and fixed at the will of the operator. 7

The tests of the durability of the, pieces can be carried out in the following manner them by means 0 a con- This The piece to be tested is stretched between the two retaining jaws, the eccentric is made to ascend sothat its circumference which has a triturating tire, ring-or rim, comes'in contact with the under part of the piece being tested and wears it'aw'ay or frictionally enga es therewith; A small piece or ot er substance pressed or urged by a rod 1 Fig.3, which is in its turn ressed on this piece by means of a lever y o the first order on which a sliding poise or weight a moves, rests on the piece to be worn, with conseque'ntly a known pressure. The fixed point of support or fulcrum of the pressure lever is located in aismall column or bracket a: securely bolted to thetable' or the frame of the .dynamometer. The pressure is thereforeof metal known which applies the piece undergoing the friction to the tire or ring which wears it away, the tension which is supported initi'ally by this piece is also known. When the triturating wheel is set in motion, this tension is increased or diminished according to the direction of rotation of the wheel-.- There is therefore ascertained by means of the variation in tension, the influencing effort-which, relatively to the pressure undergone by the piece, immediately gives the coefiicient of friction of the latter. The variation in weight undergone by this piece, afltlerla known number of rotations of the w ee ermits of determining the wear or f durability of the piece; The samelarrangement of a rodpressed or urged by the lever andfurnished at its extremity with a point more or less sharp, permits of boring or perforating holes in a sample stretched with a known'strain and either resting on the eccentric wheel. or not. The pressures for punching or perforating tissues or .fabrics, caoutchouc, thin sheets of metal or the like, can also be determined. .The shearing of pieces by means of; very sharp, blades can 7 also be effected.

The Figs. 6 and 7 show more in detail and less diagrammatically the device .for measuring the wear of. ob ects. The pieces shown inFlg. 3 are herereproduced under the same letters of reference i, m, and a. The ieces i, m and 3/ are besides a so visible in ig. 1. The sliding weight 2/ slides upon a suitably graduated level-y and 7 is a counterweight serving to maintain the equilibrium 'of the lever. 8 is the wheel bearing against the fabric to be tested and 9 the piece to be tested fastened between' the jaws e and f. It will be easily understood that if the rod a" serving to press. the objectto be tested against the testing wheel is replaced bya rod that is at its base more or less rounded,

.this rod being also pressed by lever y, that a known pressure is exerted upon a sample to be tested which mayor may not be supported upon the wheel 8 which then remains mmovable. The tests offlexi'on orbendin of tissues or fabrics must be made in a di erent way, such tissues have often to undergo effects of flexion or bending in opposite directions and sometimes in rapid succession as in the case of pneumatic tires. In order to carry our repeated fiexions of tissues and soft bodies, the dynamometer is used in the following manner, and in F1g. 8 the frame of the dynamometer shows 1n transverse section the device employedthereto: A small connecting rod 11 is employed which is controlled by the eccentric wheel andcauses the ascent. and descent ofa vertical sliding-block'l2 which moves in a special column located in the place of the col- I umn intended for the perforation and trituration, as mentionedabove. This sliding block is provided at its extremity with a fork with two parallel rollers 13 and 14, be- I tween which is assed the tissue or soft body to be tested. 8n the other, hand, the two extremities of the band of this tissue or soft body are retained in the tractionjaws of the dynamometer, as is the case with stretcher bands. A tension can thus be exerted on the band which is known and variable at will, and bends it on all sides of the axis of quantity bymaking the and f from their support by the pin 0 these jaws are rendered capable of movlng around their pivoted axis, and in this manner. the breaking of the bent piece close to these jaws is avoided. It is possible therefore to work .upto the point ofrupture or breakageof the plece' tested and to note all the characteris tics concerning it which may be'of interest. The dynamometer can also be used for the traction of metal wire or small hempen cords, the wire or cord iswound on pulleys which are mounted in the retaining jaws. The automatic registration'of the diagram of tests is provided for the'tests of traction,

. so U ing motion of compression or flexion. I

Figs. 9 and '10 illustrate-theapparatus of registration. 15 is the drum upon a horizontal axis bearing the sheet of paper and which receives its movement by the displacement of a'wire 16 following the deformationof the pieces to be tested and the turnthe drum is'equal and proportional to this deformation. On the other hand in accordance with the spiral lines of over-rollers 18 is displaced which is actuated by a lever "19 forming one piece with the measuring spring and which is displaced in the same proport1on as the deformation of the spring justifies, that is to say as the test' piece is deplace inth e Referring to Fig. 10, the lower plug 19 to formed. This rod bears a tracer 20 which.

traces the diagramupon the paper which indicates the deformations which have takenobjects submitted to the tests.

blocks,

which thelpulley 19 and. the lever 19 are attached is adapted to be engagedby the member shown in-Fi'gs. 1 and 2 at the point of attachment of said member to clamp the clamp-e. The upper plug 21 shown in Fig. 10, to which the wlre 16 is attached, is

- adapted to be engaged by the said member at the point of attachment thereof to clamp the clamp f. This diagram shows the efforts, stresses or strains borne by the tested pieces I according to the deformations undergone by the latterowing to these strains or the like. The strains or efforts are inscribed on the drum along generating contact lines. To that end, deformations given by the measuring springs are used, these deformations are amplified by means of a lever which carries "along with it a tracing point which describes .1. An apparatus for measuring or testing, comprising a spiral spring'of known resistance, havingone end supported by the frame of the apparatus, a finger, means for guidingsaid finger, ing said finger against the other end of said spring, a rodprovided with a jaw for retaining the pieces to be tested, a toothed rack adapted to be engaged by said finger, and a pinion in gear with the rack and operatin a needle, which is dis laced on a dial w1th divisions, substantial y as described.

'2. An apparatus for developing strains or the like in the pieces to be tested, comprising in combination a traction screw, a retaining jaw controlled by said screw, sliding blocks supporting said screw in bearings, a connecting rod which imparts a'to. and fro or reciprocating movement to the sliding an eccentric wheel controlling said connecting rod and placedon an axis movable in a slide formed with the frame of the apparatus, adapted, to impart an alternate movement to the pieces on trial, and a worm wheel and worm to revolve the eccentric wheel, substantially as described.

3. An apparatus fortests of durability,

consisting of clamps to grip the test piece,

means to remove said clamps from each .other' under a know'n pressure, of an eccenslide, engagingthe piece,and a rod connecting'the' slide with the pin, substantially as described. 1

means capable of press- In testimony whereof I afi'lx my signature.

In the presence of- MAURICE DINNER, H. C. Coxn.

ALFRED? DESIRE CILLARD. 

